BIM Based Life Cycle Assessment Tool

BIM Based Life Cycle sound judgement ToolLife Cycle Assessment (LCA) is uptake to evaluate a particular proceeds, process, or activity from cradle to grave the milieual effects. LCA is methodology for measuring and evaluating some aspects of every last(predicate) relevant represents, revenues, environmental impacts and performance associated in all stages of an asset over its dis corporeal spirit cps (ISO15686, 2008), it compiles and evaluates an inventory of relevant input, output, and potential environmental impacts in relation to the objective of study finishedout its life bout (ISO14040, 2006). LCA contributes a complete picture of the interactions of activities with the environment and it is one of the decision backup tools providing breeding on environmental effects of these activities and identifies opportunities for environmental improvement for stakeholders to make decision.The excogitation of LCA started from late 1960s, the earliest forerunners were the Resou rce and Environmental Profile Analyses (REPAs) and a research founded by Coca Cola funds study of different beverage containers and encase system. LCA been encompassing used during global oil crises from 1973 emerged many countries began to explore substitute resources to produce strength. Energy analysis by comparing different substitute sources through life-cycle basis gave a true indication. The interest of LCA continued used for decision making policy through the 1980s. The REPA early studies emphasized on raw material, energy inputs and waste generation through environmental impact as LCA methodology and modern LCA methodology outlined the components of contemporary LCA from four distinct analytical steps goal definition, inventory pass judgmentment, impact assessment, and improvement analysis in the late 1990s released ISO standards 14040 14043 by the International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO). The latest series includes ISO 140402006 life cycle assessment prin ciples and framework, ISO 140411998 standards for goal and scope definition and inventory analysis, ISO140422000 life cycle impact assessment and ISO 140432000 life cycle interpretation. There still a lot development tacking place till today.The stages of the LCA methodology establish on international standards of series ISO 14040 consists of defining the goal and scope, creating the inventory, assessing the impact and finally interpreting.Today, the physical exertion of LCA is extended to the turn of events industry works throw been belowtaken on both large and small aspects from internal to external. Internally, LCA butt end be used in process analysis, return evaluation, material selection (cement or bricks) and product comparison (heating systems). From externally use, LCA back end be used for marketing, information and education, eco-labelling.LCA is a comprehensive method to evaluate environment impact through unit life approach, LCA has 40-years history and still not been used widely due to on that point are limitations in using this tool. Firstly, anticipate life-time is various. Data collection and data reliability is always the question and difficulties to LCA tool. Further, uncertainty is everywhere and comparisons between studies are difficult. In all LCA is a decision supporting tool, no single methods can be used individually in providing a clear solution or decision.There are various LCA tools hold up been developed based on qualitative and quantitative methods that can assess mental synthesis environmental impacts from embodied energy, operational energy, CO2 emission and other emissions from edifices. These tools have been classified and categorized into five major categories Detailed LCA Modelling Tool LCA determination Tool LCA firedog tool Green Product Guides and Checklist and Building Assessment Schemes.Detailed LCA Modelling ToolsThis category of LCA tools to calculate embodied energy and environmental impacts based on m aterials used, make components and processes of the work. The most far-famed used software under this category includes SimaPro, TEAM, Gabi, KCL-ECO, Boustead, GaBi, PEMS, A accordinglya, BEES, LISA, ECO-QUANTUM, EQUER, Green Building Advisor USA, SIA D0123, Energy Life Cycle Assessment Model for Building send off (SBI) 14.SimaPro is one of the most widely used professional LCA software under detailed LCA modelling tool category and worked based on calculating of material used by consultants, research institutes and universities. It contains several(prenominal) impact assessment methods can direct calculate for each element in a project inventory databases can be edited and grow easily open and transparent database (Pre4 database, FRANKLIN US LCI database, IDEMAT database, BIWAL250 database, FEFCO database) which helps in fast data entry and database consistency checks.BEES (Building for Economic and Environmental Sustainability) USA be developed and to go for the most appropri ate balance between environmental sustainability and stinting performance. It can be used throughout all construction stages from preliminary build stages, construction or building product manufacture, maintenance of building and to building services. The data used in this software including inventory flow items of energy used and materials. It a typical detailed LCA modelling tool worked on building components.LCA Design ToolsLCA Design Tool is the yardstick for concepters to measure environment performance of the building during design stage. By using this kind of LCA tools, designers can easily evaluated environment impact. Environmental information can be optimized measured.Envest is one of the widely used software under category of LCA Design tools developed by Building Research Establishment (BRE) in the U.K. Designers input the basic design information such as building element choices, building height, morsel of storeys, window areas and building Gross Floor Area. Calculat ion of building associated impacts and different options comparisons then performance. This software measures each environmental field of study separately in their own units. Environmental issues data is more(prenominal) easily to use and gather on UK basis. Envest use weighting system based on BREs Ecopoint score.LCA CAD ToolsSimilar to LCA Design Tools, some of LCA tools integrated with CAD planning tool or CAD assessment tool. Tools under this category are satisfactory to read building component information from CAD. Some tools can work with 3-D CAD to work get the material information and building components from CAD directly in order to work out environmental impact analysis. Well known software under this category include EcoScan, ECOit, LCAiTLCAid, ECOTECT, ENER-RATEE, Energy 10, EQUER, PAPOOSE, Legoe, Ecopro, OGIP, EPCMB 15.LCAidTM is a decision-making tool developed by Australia and aimed to help building designer, LCA practitioner, LCA researcher or building rating prac titioner for evaluating the different options of building or building components environmental performance and impact. It makes evaluation work easier and faster with working on 3D CAD system by importing materials quantities and assigning materials to each building elements. It is based on Green Building Challenges rating guide to weighing the elements. Life Cycle Inventories of building materials data are stored at LCAid library.Green Product Guides and ChecklistsIt is the most common use methods to assess environment impact currently. They are combine of global analysis and worry analysis take into consideration. Tools under this category provide qualitative guides of environmental issues to help stakeholders in decision making with consideration of environment performance at design stage when selecting alternative materials, or building components. Many countries or regions they have their own standards or guides to follow. Some guilds are famous and used worldwide like LEED fr om US and BREEAM from UK, International standards ISO 14040 to ISO 14043, and other famous guides include Environmental Preference Method (EPM), BEPAC, GREEN housing A-Z, ECDG, EcoSpecifier. 15.Building Assessment SchemesBasically, tools under this category are used to predict or assess building performance during its operational stage. They normally can be used before or after building occupancy. Examples include GBTool, BEAVER/ESOII, BUNYIP, DOE2.2, GSL-Giselle, Okoprofile, NatHERS, SEDA, ECOPROFILE, E2000 and BEE 1.0. 15.Building information (bim)Changes in Information Communication Technologies lead to a change in the way information represented and in particular, information is being fed more easily and distributed more quickly to different stakeholders by the use of tool such as the Building Information Modelling (BIM) 15. BIM is a digital building model which generating, managing and sharing information during its entire life cycle. 17 The development of BIM results in funda mentally changes of building design. With design information input of product materials, specification, finishes, costs, carbon means and any other special requirement transfers into virtual building model. Different stakeholders have better collaboration by using BIM. Figure 3 shows the usage of BIM and its functions.BIM has fundamentally changed how buildings are designed. There is now plenty of hard evidence that the wealth of information from virtual building models has completely transformed how the designers make their design decisions lead to a far better sustainable design buildings indeed.Typically collaboration between design disciplines is a low level information exchange, via a simple electronic or published format, however it is a existing commonly form of information collaboration in construction sector, in which there is none of added-value to the design process. The maintained situation is due to todays software tools, in particular to the BIM, have merely facilitat ed meaningful information collaboration across the sustainable discipline.Proportionally through adding time factor into BIM, BIM becomes a 4D modelling tool. The usage of BIM can then be expanded to planning, supply chain management, life cycle costing and assessment. The integration of LCA disciplines into BIM enables to assess both economic efficiency and sustainability of buildings. Its availability lies in a central building component memorial. Further, BIM can be seen as a 5D modelling tool with element/material cost information, together with time information stored in BIM, it can work out the project estimating cost and its cash flow along the project life cycle. Comprising assessment to the environmental information into the BIM, BIM can further become a 6D modelling tool that can calculate the environmental impacts from buildings. Eventually, it can become even nD model with other special information added in 18.Performance-based design supported by product models is beco ming stage-of-the-art practice 19. Therefore, one of the key advantages of using BIM as an analysis tool allows multi-disciplines to simulate building performance in a virtual environment. The number of performance criteria can be analyzed that are depended on several aspects includes architectural, structural, mechanical, energy. Therefore, BIM tool is a feasible approach for multidisciplinary team members to access and collaborate efficaciouslyCurrent existing BIM tools like Autodesk Revit, Tekla Structures, Digital Project, Bentley Syetems, ArchiCAD, AutoCAD- based industry, DProfiler and so on. Through the applications of construction practices, they have been found on their own strengths and weakness, especially in equipment casualty of technique, operational ease and the facilitation of sustainable information across. The analysis to the usedBIM tools being used shown belowIntroductionStrengthsWeaknessRevitIntroduce by Autodesk in 2002Leader for the use in BIMgbXML interfac e for energy simulation and load analysisDirect interface to ROBOT and RISA structural analysisConceptual design tool2D section of detailingView interface DGN, DWG, DWF, DXF, IFC, SAT, SKP, AVI, ODBC, gbXML, BMP, JPG, TGA, TIFFunctionality is sanitary-design and user-friendlyBroad set of object librariesDirect link interfaceBi-directional bill of exchangeSlow down on project larger than 200MBLimitation on parametric rules with anglesBentley SystemsIntroduce in 2004 by Bentley ArchitectureIntegrated with others Bentley softwareBroad clutches of building tools punts good example with complex curved surfacesMultiple support for custom parametric objectsProvide scalable support for large projectsLarge and non-integrated user interfaceHard to apprehend and navigateLess extensive object librariesArchiCADProduce by Graphisoft in early 80sServe MAC platform in addition to WindowsSupport range of direct interfaceContains extensive object librariesSuite interfaces for energy and sustaina bilityOBDC interfaceIntuitive interface and relatively simple to useLarge object libraries gamy suite in supporting applications in construction facility managementOnly strong BIM product for MACLimitation to parametric mould friction scaling problem with large projectPartition large project to manage themDigital ProjectDevelop by Gehry TechnologiesRequire a decent workstation to run wellAble to handle even the largest projectsModel any type of surfacesSupport elaborate custom parametric objectsComplete parametric modeling capabilities for controlling surfaces and assembliesRelies on 3D parametric modeling for most detailingSteep learning curveComplex user interfaceHigh initial costLimited object libraries (including external)Architectural drawing are not well developedOutput section to drafting systems for completionAutoCAD- based ApplicationArchitectural Desktop ( ADT)Autodesk original 3D building modeling tool prior to RevitProvide a transition for 2D to BIMRelies on AutoCAD we ll-known capabilities for drawing productionInterface DGN, DWG, DWF, DXF, and IFCEasy to adopt for AutoCAD userDrafting functionality and interfaceNot parametric modelingLimited interface to other applicationsScaling problemTekla StructureOffered by Tekla Corp.Multiple divisions building and construction, infrastructure and energySupport fabrication-level detailing of precast concrete structure and facadesStructural analysisInterface IFC, DWG, CIS/2 DTSV, SNDF, DGN, and DXFExport CNCModel structures that incorporate all kinds of structural materialsSupport very large modelConcurrent operations on some projectsMultiple synchronal usersSupport complex parametric custom component librariesToo complex to learn and fully utilizeParametric component require sophisticated operators with laid-back skillNot able to import complex multi-curved surfacesRelatively expensiveDprofilerProduct of Beck Technologies in Dallas, TexasProvide feedback for construction cost and timeUser net a set of d rawing with financial and schedule reportingCan input own cost data or data from RS MeansSupport Sketchup and DWGInterface with Excel and DWGMarket as a closed system for feasibility studies before actual design beginsAbility to generate quick economic assessmentsNot a general purpose of BIM toolPurpose is economic evaluation of construction projectInterface to support development in BIMDesign tools is limited to 2D DWG filesAs presented above within the existing BIM tools, they provide less supports in sustainable information discipline across the models throughout the whole construction stages.Life cycle assessment in relation to carbon and energy emissionBim-based lca toolThere is a high level of take up for sustainable construction due to the rising awareness of climate change and the most important buildings sustainable features are decided at design stage. Designers bespeak to analyses sustainable features including building type, building forms, major materials used, contex t, MEP system. As mentioned in the previous section, BIM allows for multi-disciplinary information to be combined within one container and it creates a platform for multi-disciplinary to impart sustainability analyses at construction initial stage.Adopting LCA concept integrate into BIM technology take consideration of low impact building design decision in time, embodied carbon, waste and cost (as shown in Figure 2).The principle of BIM-based holistic modelling in the building lifecycle, LCA can be available in the form of nonmoving visualization analysis at design stage whilst its dynamic simulation can be achievable through all stages of construction till demolition. During design phase, associated sustainability issues like energy consumption, carbon emission, waste generation, involved in building design and materials can be accurately quantified on the basis of a extraordinary visualized static 3D information building model. From the phases of construction, to operation and demolition phases, LCA are a dynamic process where building sustainability are being insert in those phases. For instance, carbon emission and waste production are likely to occur in the boundaries of manufacturing for building construction, maintaining for building operating and routine repairing, as well as recycling and disposing of building components and materials. These dynamic features are suggested to using a simulation approach for analyzing, while popular 4D/5D CAD techniques provide a viable approach to this dynamic simulation.The BIM-based LCA tool is therefore being considered as an enabler for multidisciplinary collaboration across specialty boundaries throughout the building lifecycle. The viability of model-based collaborative work has been verified by an interactive approach targeting on 4D CAD 21. Planners with different specialties can collaboratively perform planning and 4D simulation underpinned by the 3D model. Similarly, taking the advantage of integrating LCA into BIM can realize optimal design decisions from a holistic perspective in multidisciplinary coalition. Sustainability issues and related costs in HVAC, structure, for instance, in a building can then be examined using the same BIM environment. In this kind of design decision process, the central information repository provided by the BIM model can create a collaboration context for potential stakeholders. Different specialties information in the repository can be accessed not only by information owners but other collaborators. Therefore, sustainable design decisions on LCA can be made on the basis of informed rather than isolated approaches. The convenience of central information repository from the BIM model also brings the flexibility in applications. Given an online BIM model, distributed LCA application can be available through network support for geographically dispersed stakeholders.ConclusionsThis muniment provides authors with basic guidance on how to prepare the ful l papers. It is highly advised to use the Paper Template or strictly follow the instructions provided. A paper that does not meet the requirements will be returned to the author(s) for revision.